Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) definition, causes, lab findings

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is associated with thrombotic disorders and not with bleeding disorders.
           It is primarily a disorder of coagulation resulting in a hypercoagulation state.

STERILE PYURIA CAUSES

STERILE PYURIA
Definition:- presence of more than 5 WBC per HPF without any bacteria on routine urinalysis is termed as sterile pyuria.

CAUSES
1. Infectious
2.Non-infectious

INFECTIOUS CAUSES
1. Tuberculosis of urinary tract
2. Chlamydia trachomatis
3. Mycoplasma
4. Ureplasma
5. Fungi
6. Inadequate treated UTI
( compiled from Harrison 17th, spiral manual of nephrology 7th, spiral manual of clinical infectious disease 5th, oxford textbook of nephrology 3rd)

NONINFECTIOUS CAUSES
1. Interstitial nephritis
2. Renal papillary necrosis
3. Urate nephropathy
4. Nephrocalcinosis
5. PCKD
6. Calculi
7. Prostatitis
8. Vasicouretheral reflux
9. SLE

Esophagial dysphagia causes

Non progressive (episodic) dysphagia only for SOLIDS is characteristic of LOWER ESOPHAGEAL RINGS (Schatzki's ring)

Progressive dysphagia for SOLIDS in PEPTIC STRICTURE and Ca ESOPHAGUS.

Progressive dysphagia for both SOLIDS and LIQUID in ACHLASIA